From late nineteenth century onwards, India’s national struggle against British imperialism had been quite responsive to international political currents. There is a lot of evidence to show that enlightened Indians were aware, though rather vaguely. . .

This paper was presented at the International Seminar on The Future of Marxism, Democracy & Socialism (18-20 December 2024), organized by the EMS Chair for Marxian Studies and Research, University of Calicut. The communist movement. . .